Outline

1. Peloponnesian War was a civil war between the city of Athens and the city of Sparta. Athens eventually surrendered to Lysander. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_war). Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address after the Civil War. He gave it to dedicate the Soldier's National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address ).

II. Primary Sources: Pericles vs. Lincoln (use quotes) support topic: Appeal to Patriotism?

Pericles does not say appeal to patriotism

"that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth" (Abraham Lincoln).

III. Appeal to Pride?

IV. Appeal to Honor, Glory, Nation, etc.

V .Conclusion

Notes 3/26/10

Holy Roman Empire

• 1066, three major battles that seal the fate of Europe
• The Vikings make a major raid into England
• Vikings, England, and Norms
• The Battle of Fulford, English and Vikings
• English led by Harold, Vikings led by Harald Hardrada

Notes 3/25/10

Could Rome have risen to power without slavery?

Slavery was a significant and important part of Roman life. During Augustus’ reign, it is estimated that about one third of the population of Rome was slaves (Madden, Roman Slavery http://web.archive.org/web/20031211005259/www.ucd.ie/classics/96/Madden96.html). Based on a staggering fact like that, it is clear that Rome could not have survived without slaves.

Pedanius Secundus, a wealth Roman man, had approximately 400 slaves at one time. This is more slaves than could be put to work. Pedanius Secundus was eventually murdered by one of his slaves for not letting one leave after having promised a paid freedom (Tacitus, Annals The Murder of Pedanius Secundus http://www.umich.edu/~classics/programs/class/cc/372/sibyl/db/Tac-Ann-xiv42to45.html). His actions show that even though he had about 400 slaves, he did not want to let one be free. An action of that sort shows that Rome could not have risen without the help of slaves.

With all of the harsh conditions put on the slaves, the average life span of slave was not long. It was estimated to be less than twenty years. The average life expectancy for a Roman civilian was twenty to thirty years. Because the slaves had a shorter life expectancy, they would need to be replaced faster (Madden, Roman Slavery http://web.archive.org/web/20031211005259/www.ucd.ie/classics/96/Madden96.html).

Where did all of the slaves come from? The two main sources are war and piracy. A Roman jurist said “ervi aut nascuntur, aut fiunt,” which means “slaves are either born or made.” When Rome would conquer an area, all of the people living there that did not die would become slaves. Roman law states that when a slave has a child, it would immediately become a slave (Madden, Roman Slavery http://web.archive.org/web/20031211005259/www.ucd.ie/classics/96/Madden96.html).

There were multiple occasions in which the slaves rebelled against their owners. Diodorus Siculus describes one of the slave’s intentions in the following: “4. The slaves, distressed by their hardships, and frequently outraged and beaten beyond all reason, could not endure their treatment. Getting together as opportunity offered, they discussed the possibility of revolt, until at last they put their plans into action. 5. There was a certain Syrian slave, belonging to Antigenes of Enna; he was an Apamean by birth and had an aptitude for magic and the working of wonders. He claimed to foretell the future, by divine command, through dreams, and because of his talent along these lines deceived many. Going on from there he not only gave oracles by means of dreams, but even made a pretence of having waking visions of the gods and of hearing the future from their own lips. 6. Of his many improvisations some by chance turned out true, and since those which failed to do so were left unchallenged, while those that were fulfilled attracted attention, his reputation advanced apace. Finally, through some device, while in a state of divine possession, he would produce fire and flame from his mouth, and thus rave oracularly about things to come. 7. For he would place fire, and fuel to maintain it, in a nut -- or something similar -- that was pierced on both sides; then, placing it in his mouth and blowing on it, he kindled now sparks, and now a flame. Prior to the revolt he used to say that the Syrian goddess appeared to him, saying that he should be king, and he repeated this, not only to others, but even to his own master,” (Diodorus Siculus, Books 34/35.2.4-7 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/3slaverevolttexts.htm). This shows how poorly the slaves were treated in Rome, even though they were depended on so greatly. Orosius explains how badly the slaves were defeated in their revolts when he says “For at Minturnae, four hundred and fifty slaves were crucified, and at Sinuessa, four thousand slaves were crushed by Q. Metellus and Cn. Servilius Caepio; in the mines of the Athenians also, a like uprising of the slaves was dispersed by Heraclitus; at Delos also, the slaves, rising in another revolt, were crushed by the citizens who anticipated the movement without that first fire of the evil in Sicily…Fulvius, the consul, Piso, the consul, captured the town of Mamertium, where he killed eight thousand fugitives.” He also says “the victors lost as many as perished among the conquered,” (Orosius Histories Book 5.6 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/3slaverevolttexts.htm). By this he means that even though the citizens of Rome won when the slaves rebelled, they lost every single slave they killed for it was one of their workers.

The Roman Empire mistreated their slaves throughout their entire reign, even though they would not have risen to power without them. When the slaves went against their owners, the Roman economy was damaged because of how highly dependent they were on their slaves.

FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. .

"MADDEN: Roman Slavery." Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. .

"The Murder of Pedanius Secundus." University of Michigan. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. .

Review

Mesopotamia

• Sumerians were first people to live in Mesopotamia
• They gave us writing and laws
• Code of Hammurabi was first written law in the world
• They built large cities
• Trade routes
• They wrote the history of the birth of man kind
• Ziggurat was a temple
• Hebrew scriptures describe the Garden of Eden to be in Mesopotamia
• Had once been the cradle of a civilization

Egypt

• Death is the single most important thing about Egyptian culture
• The Pharaoh was God on Earth
• Mummified body because the Kah would exist outside of the body
• When the Kah was called to judgement, the heart was weighed against a feather
• This determines whether or not you could go to the afterlife or whether your soul would be destroyed
• The Nile floods 4 months of the year
• Nomadic travelers settled around the Nile
• The Nile creates a partition through Africa
• Egypt exists along the Nile
• The Pharaoh was responsible for the annual flooding of the Nile
• As the water from the monsoon goes into the Nile, it brings silt and sediment from the land
• The flood plane gets bigger because of this

Minoans

• Lived on Crete
• Unexpectedly ceases to function
• Island north of Crete erupted creating natural disasters for Crete
• Volcano destroyed the harvests in Crete for multiple years

Misonians

• Trojan War
• King of Troy was Prius
• Trojan war may or may not be true. The story could be describing an earthquake because Poseidon is the God of horses and earthquakes. The Trojan horse could have been an earthquake

Article 8

In every battle or conflict in history, there are “good” guys and “bad” guys. Because everyone has a different opinion, there will always be an opposition. Sometimes it is difficult to realize who the “good” guy is and who the “bad” guy is. An example of this is the Vikings. They plundered innocent people, but did they have reasonable motives?

The Vikings have always been known as some of the harshest and cruelest people to ever live. It was in Viking tradition for every man to become a berserker. It has been said that berserkers “went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them” (http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/145.html). This quotation shows how feared and somewhat crazy the berserkers were portrayed to be. This is only one example of how Vikings were portrayed as fierce.

Another example is how the Vikings would kill innocent people in their plundering, and the way that they killed people. They went to Lindisfarne to steal the riches of a monastery. Monasteries have different religious items made out of precious minerals including gold and silver. When the Vikings landed at Lindisfarne, they killed all of the monks living there. None of the monks had a weapon or something to defend them. The Vikings savagely killed monks with no protection whatsoever.

A reason for why they killed so many people without thinking anything of it could be because in their culture, it is honorable for someone to die on the battlefield. They could have thought they other people would be honored for dying in battle, which is untrue in most societies.

Vikings did not see as what they were doing was wrong, even though the common belief was that they were savage, cruel people that had no feeling of wrong doing.

Daily

Based on the biography written about Charlemagne by Einhard, Charlemagne seemed to be a very charismatic man with a great sense of the fine arts and literature. He used these to interests to develop Europe into a more artistic culture. Charlemagne loved the church of St. Peter the Apostle in Rome. Einhard said that "he sent great and countless gifts to the popes; and...to defend and protect the Church of St. Peter, and to beautify and enrich it out of his own store above all other churches"(Einhard: Life of Charlemagne http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html). He wanted to make this church the most beautiful church in the world. Charlemagne was also fluent in several languages, including his native language, Latin, and Greek.

Pop Quiz

The Viking creation story is that the Bur's son created the Earth. Midgard was the greatest world where the people live. The sun rose from the south where the elves were. It is said that "the moon knew not what might was his the stars knew not where their stations were"(Poetic Edda). This means that nothing knew where it was supposed to go. The gods then gave names to noon, night, and morning. The gods where living happily until giants came from Jotunheim and took their gold. They then created the dwarfs. The Yggdrasil tree is said to create all of the dew in the world, for it is the largest tree in the whole world. There was then a giant war, the first one in the world.

"The Poetic Edda: Voluspo." Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Norse Mythology World. Digital image. Web. .

Notes 3/17/10

Vikings

• went up French rivers sacking French cities
• relied on terror
• Go to Paris, The king of France pays the Vikings 6 tons of wealth to never come back. It back fires and it increases the plundering of Europe
• Colonize Greenland and Iceland
• Eirik the Red and Leifericsson from Iceland
• Eirik is banished from Iceland and travels to Greenland
• Fishing and other meat were available, no farming
• Leifericsson yearns to travel
• He discovers Newfoundland in North America
• The colony there only lasts a decade
• Leifericsson returns to Greenland and converts to Christianity
• Christianity unites them
• They find resistance from old Norsemen
• Set up a fire test and has a berserker walk through a Christianity fire and a Pagan fire. He walks through Pagan fire but not Christianity fire
• Harold Hardrada

Notes 3/16/10

Vikings

• They lived in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
• Were not Christianized unlike the Celts, because they lived outside of the Roman Empire
• In England from 7th through 9th centuries, but their influence stayed until passed the year 1000
• There are 9 worlds in the Norse world
• They are Midgard, world of average human experience; Alfheimr, world of Alfar(elves); Scartalfaheim, world of the Scartalfar (black elves); Vanaheimr, world of the Vanir; Muspellheim, world of fire; Jotunheimr, world of the jotnar; Niflheim, world of ice; Asgard, world of the AEsir; Hel, world of the Nioavellir; Ginnungagap, part of the Atlantic Ocean, but may translate as Ginn- Kein, A place where no one lives.
• Edda, Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, contains the stories of the gods
• Alphabet is in Runes
• Ragnarok is battle at the end of the world between the gods. All of Midgard is going to burn. A new world will grow from the ashes.
• They were not afraid of death.
• Heimskringla is the other book. Written by Snorri Sturluson. It is about the kings. Most of the primary sources are written by the Vikings' ancestors
• Leif Ericsson went to North America
• Vikings went down as far as Palestine
• River journeys and open water were the two types of ships they built

Daily

The Vikings did not wear helmets that had large horns on them. The helmets that they wore were simpler, made out of iron. The idea that Vikings wore helmets with horns or wings on them is not true. This was made popular in the 19th century.

"Viking Age Arms and Armour -." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_helmet#Helmet>.

Notes 3/15/10

Late Antiquity

• This is the end of Roman expansion
• Septimius Severus was the first African emperor
• Period of disarray after is referred to as the age of the soldier emperors
• Series of Roman Generals try to become king of Rome. Dark time in Rome's history
• Diocletian was the next stable Emperor and changes the government into a Dominate. Sets up the Tetrarchy. Greek for "rule of four"
• Maxentius and Constantine are the two strongest. They go head to head in the battle of the Milvian Bridge on October 8 312. Constantine wins the battle
• He said that he saw a vision in the sky of the Chi Ro. He has his soldiers paint this on their shields and they won. After this, Christianity becomes legal in Rome. This gave his control of the western Roman Empire.
• He is the sole ruler of a Christian Roman Empire
• Constantine decides to move the capital from Rome to Constantinople, present day Istanbul
• Constantinople becomes the seat of the Byzantine Empire
• Rome falls in 476

Early Christianity

• Christianity was illegal until Constantine
• Under the city of Rome, there were the Catacombs. This is where masses were held until it was made legal

Byzantine Empire

• Led by Justinian
• The church is strong and the army is strong.
• If you want to be a successful ruler, you need the church and the army on your side.
• This is different than the Roman Empire which had nothing to do with the church.
• Constantinople becomes the seat of the Byzantine Empire

Article 7: Did the Roman Empire 'fall'?

One of the most powerful empires in history was the Roman Empire. Many described the ending of the empire as a fall, but was it really a fall? I believe so. There was one main problem that led to the fall of Rome, debt. Rome ran out of money.

Rome had made itself such a desirable place to live. Because of this, everyone tried to become part of it. The government did not have enough money to support its vast empire. It had all of Europe and more under its control. Millions of people lived in that space. With all of those people and everything to maintain, such as roads and other public buildings, the bank eventually ran dry.

Rome got most of its wealth from all of the places it conquered. At that time, it was believed the Rome had conquered the whole world. With what was believed to be nothing left to conquer, the only source of income was from taxes paid by the citizens of Rome. Just taxes are not enough to keep an empire as large as the Roman from going into debt. The government had to pay for the upkeep of all of the public buildings including the libraries, the public bathrooms, the roads leading to other parts of Rome’s vast empire, and the senate house. After the empire ran out of money, it eventually imploded. Everything started to deteriorate. Without any money, there was no way to fix all of the problems being generated.

Another problem was that the empire fell during a cooling stage in Earth’s atmosphere. Because of this, there was not being enough crops produced to support the empire. Produce was the main type of food in Rome at that time. With the colder temperatures, fewer crops were growing.

One reason that Roman Empire fell was because of the split into the eastern and western Roman Empires. Because they split, there were then two Roman Emperors, two ways of thinking, and two separate governments. This led to many conflicts, which eventually led to the downfall of Rome.

Some people may argue that the Roman Empire did not fall, but instead that it simple adapted to a more modern way of imperialism. I disagree with this. When an empire goes from being one of the largest in the history of the world, to a normal size, it cannot be called an adaption. It must be called a fall. An adaption would be something like abolishing slavery or the changing of a country’s form of government. Not downsizing from the known world to a regular size.

When such a large empire decreases in size, it can be called no less than a fall, even if Rome is still around today. There are many other reasons that contributed to the fall of Rome than the ones stated here. These are the most important reasons and influential problems that caused its collapse. The Roman Empire fell from the most powerful empire in the world to nothing more than a normal city with a deep history.

Games

This game is about Professor Indus looking for the city of Mohenjo-Daro. It is designed for younger children. This game is just average. While it makes you click on things to get to the next section, there is a lot of reading and not a lot of moving around. If you have the sound turned on then you can listen to Professor Indus tell you about the plan instead of reading it. Overall, it is an average game, but you also must take into consideration that it was made for younger children.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/indusvalley/flash/ivl1_continents.shtml

This game is called Troy. This is a better than average game. You are an archer inside of a castle trying to kill oncoming attackers. It is a fairly challenging game which makes it more fun to play. I would say that this game was made for people between the ages of 10-15. I enjoyed play this game for the short time that I could and would recommend it for anyone looking for a game like this.

http://wosso.net/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5mcmVlb25saW5lZ2FtZXMuY29tL2FyY2FkZS1nYW1lcy90cm95Lmh0bWw%3D&hl=2ed

In a group with Jake Wade and Ryan Noone

Notes 3/10/10

• Augustus runs a principate form of government
• He is very modest
• Famous statue of him: Prima Porta
• It portrays him as a god
• Augustus is son of Julius
• Terrible battle at beginning of his reign where he lost two of his legions
• On his chest plate, there is the story of how they got their standards back
• Governments look back at Romans for sources of propaganda
• http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm
• Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, Nero
• Augustus dies without an heir.
• Tiberius succeeds Augustus, he is somewhat of a cruel leader.
• After Tiberius, comes in Caligula. he was a whack job, he had sexual relations with his own sister.
• Gaius was assassinated. Claudius now becomes the leader.
• Claudius is shy and socially awkward. his reign doesn't last long and Nero becomes ruler.
• Nero, as Gaius was, is a whack job himself. He was an obese, sickly looking man. He burned 2/3 of the city because he wanted to build a park. He eventually killed himself.
• Vespasian follows after a year of no ruler. He is the exact opposite of the past ones.
• Titus, Vespasian's son, follows. He built the Flavian Amphitheatre. It's called this become he was of the Flavian family. It is usually called the Coliseum. Titus got rid of Nero's statue.
• Emperors had arches built to commemorate their war victories.
• Lot of tension between Romans and Jews. After awhile, Titus invades Jerusalem and sacks it.
• Domitian is the next emperor after Titus. He sent up the Roman baths, which were "health clubs" of their time
• All Roman cities had a bath house.
• After Domitian was the starting of the "good emperors'
• Nerva (96-98), Trajan (98-117), Hadrian (117-138), Antoninus Pius (138-161), Marcus Aurelius (161-18)
• Nerva changed the way that the emperor was decided. This was by the emperor choosing the next one.
• Trajan came after Nerva. He was one of the greatest military generals
• Trajan has a column built after defeating the Dacians
• Two major libraries were built on either side of it. They were two of the major libraries in Rome
• Trajan choices Hadrian. He is considered to be one of the greatest Roman Emperors
• He was a poet, philosopher, world traveler, and loved the arts.
• He wanted to be seen as a Greek philosopher King, and that's why he had a beard.

Notes 3/8/10

• Rome owns almost all of the Mediterranean except Egypt
• Most of Rome lived in the Subora, unsanitary and high risk for fire
• Patricians built villas out in Naples away from the Plebs
• This caused more tension between the two
• The Gracchi brothers were tribunes that argued on land rights for Plebians.
• Two Political parties formed, the Optimares, Patricians, and the Populares, the Plebians
• Many people in the Senate do not like this, The Gracchi Brothers were assassinated. This is the first political assassination in the city of Rome. This is an ominous sign for Rome
• Around 95 BC, a war begins were the states around Rome revolt against the Patricians, this is called the Social War. (91-88 BC)
• Marius and Sulla are generals with Rome that put down rebels handily
• Both Marius and Sulla both have standing armies that are loyal to them. They grow antagonistic against each other.
• Marius is in Rome and Sulla decides to march into Rome. Sulla overpowers Marius's army and pushes them out of Rome. Sulla does not take power in Rome. The door is open for generals leading their armies against Rome.
• Julius Caesar born into powerful family but it has diminished recently. He wants to bring it back so he runs for the highest seat in the Senate. Men running Consulship needed the support of Petrician allies. Caesar decides to go straight to the people of Rome. He gets the vote of the man on the street. He wins the Consulship to the disliking of the Senate. They make it miserable for Caesar. The other Consulship is the political opposite of Caesar.
• After Consulship, you are sent off into the Provinces of Rome to become governor
• They send Caesar to Gaul, the middle of nowhere, to be governor
• He conquers Gaul.
• The city of London was founded by the Romans, not the British
• Senators of Rome say that his wars were illegal and is going to be put in jail.
• Caesar crosses the Rubicon River with his army to conquer Rome
• The Romans send Pompey to defeat Caesar. This starts the civil war
• At Pharsalus, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony defeat Pompey and his forces, but Pompey escapes to Egypt
• As soon as he gets there, he is met by an assassin who kills him.
• Caesar said it was disrespectful for an Egyptian to kill a Roman general
• Caesar has an affair with Cleopatra, the last of Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt
• 
  

Article 6: What's so 'ancient' about Rome?

There are many things that modern civilization has gotten from the Ancient Romans including aqueducts, streets, a political and legal system, our calendar, and a census of the population for taxation. All of these are still used today in modern society.

An aqueduct is a conduit to carry water over a river or valley, or a source of water. These are still present today, except they have been changed to be more advanced. There were a total of eleven aqueducts in the city or around Rome. This city was way ahead of its time. These aqueducts catered to the public so extravagantly that some of the aqueducts led to public restrooms. The restrooms were not only a sign of the Romans’ advancement, but also a sign that they cared about hygiene. Emperor Vespasian charged fines for using the restrooms, showing how frequently they were used and that the whole city benefitted from them, not only in the form of convenience. Most civilization during the Roman time period did not having toilets, exemplifying the technologic advancement held by the Romans.

The famous line of “All roads lead to Rome” shows just how far the roads of Rome reached. Seven major roads led out of Rome to various areas. The road networks began when Appius Claudius passed it through the senate with much difficulty. At first, the roads were created an easier way to move the troops to a new territory. After awhile, it was simply for convenience. All of the streets represented the dominance of the Romans throughout Europe and to remind everyone of their power.
The political and legal systems of Rome worked so well that the United States adapted a government very similar to the one that they used. The process of determining innocence from guilt in the court of law has also been changed moderately from the time of the Romans. The Romans had the Twelve Tables which were twelve topics under which article were written about the topics regarding law. Instead of the Twelve Tables, the United States has The Constitution. Another similarity is the senate in Rome. The United States even has the same name. When the founders of America were deciding on what form of government to use, they saw that Rome was very successful using a Republic form.
The calendar was made by the Romans. Some of the months are named after emperors including Julius, July, and Augustus, August. The fact that we are still using the calendar that the ancient Romans made shows just how intelligent they were. They created a standard for time that has yet to show any flaws. This is a remarkable feat that is incredibly difficult to do.
Having a census may seem like a minor thing to do, but the Romans made a census to collect more taxes. While countries probably do not have a census for the same reason, it is still important to note that we are doing the same thing that the ancient Romans did. This shows that the Romans were doing something important enough that we are still doing it today.
All of the things mentioned above are things that Romans created or made major advancements in. Although there are many other things that the Romans made, most of these are things that have impacted the way we live today. Things that the Romans did thousands of years ago, affect the kind of lifestyle that people all over the world live.

Citations

"Roman Aqueducts." Truly Rome Apartments in Rome. Web. 06 Mar. 2010. .

"Romans Road." Truly Rome Apartments in Rome. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. .

Notes

The Romans saw women and children to be less important than men. The Twelve Tables state that "if a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter." This shows that the Romans did not think highly of woman and that they were inferior to men. They also said that "a dreadfully deformed child shall be killed." This tells us that they felt as if a child was not normal in any way, he should not live (The Twelve Tables.)

"THE TWELVE TABLES." California State University, Northridge. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html>.

Daily

Thucydides was the person who wrote the story of the Peloponnesian war. He was a scholar and wanted to get the story right. He had a great interest in understanding human nature. His History of the Peloponnesian War was divided into eight sections after his death. It contains the entire twenty-seven year long history of the wars between Athens and Sparta. Many of his writings are still studied at major colleges and universities.

Livy was a Roman historian and lived during Augustus' reign. He wrote a history of Rome from its beginning to his own time period. It was called "Chapters from the Foundation of the City." It is written in several different volumes. Book 21 of Livy's history of Rome is the story of Hannibal and the Second Punic War. This is one of his most famous works.

Herodotus was a Greek historian. He was the first person to go out and talk to people about history. Herodotus mainly talked about the Persian Wars. Without his account of the Greco-Persian wars, there would be only poorly documented information on them.

Notes 3/3/10

Hannibal's father fought the Romans in Spain. He made Hannibal take a pledge to always hate the Romans. Hannibal takes his army across the Pyreneese and the Alps into Italy. Fights to Rome and ends up to the South of Rome. There is a battle where Rome sends it's best army to fight Hannibal at Cannae. Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians. 60,000 Romans die in this battle. It is the greatest military defeat of Rome and one of the greatest in the history of the world. It gets 50 miles from Rome, but doesn't have enough supplies to go to Rome. He never sieged Rome. If he did, the course of history would've changed.

At the battle of Zama, Hannibal attacks first and brings his war elephants. The Romans came up with a plan to stop the elephants. They blew horns, scaring the elephants. They got turned around which led to the defeat of Hannibal. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at Zama. Scipio used Hannibal's tactics against him.

Scipio Aemilianus and his soldiers go to Carthage and siege it. Cato the elder sacked and burned Carthage. This was the end of Carthage.

Daily

There are multiple things that are apparent in our modern legal and political systems that were created by the ancient Romans. One of these things is the power of the people. The ancient Romans would vote for their senators. Americans do the same thing in modern times in voting for government officials and other non-governmental positions. Another example of this is the power of someone in the government to veto a bill or reform. This was created by the Plebs who were on the brink of revolting against the Patricians. The president now has this power, but the veto may be over ruled by a two-thirds majority.

Daily: Hannibal

Hannibal was a military commander and tactician for Carthage and his often said to be one of history's greatest military commanders. He lived in a time in which the Mediterranean area was having great turmoil. One of his greatest achievements was leading an army with elephants over the Alpes, after which he conquered most of Italy. He ran for suffette of Rome. Hannibal imposed reforms over Rome, many of which were unpopular. He decided to go into exile. He came out of exile to help other leaders defeat Rome in war. I think that his reputation as a monster through Roman eyes is deserved because he helped many different leaders defeat Rome in battle. If was a Roman, I would be equally as mad at him.

Notes 3/1/10

• Trojans were the ancestors of the romans
• Aeneas brings his people on a trip from Troy to Africa and then to Rome
• Dido and Aeneas fall in love but the gods tell him that he has to leave and go to Italy. Dido commits suicide for her loss
• The Latins live in Latium
• Latins and Trojans have a war in which the Trojans win
• Trojans set up a town called Alba Longa which is their capital
• Southern Italy was mainly Greek
• She-wolf is to Rome as Eagle is to America
• Romulus and Remus have a war and Romulus wins. He names capital Rome
• The city is built on seven hills
• Etruscan is north of Rome
• Kings rule Rome for several generations
• In the 6th century, Tarquin the Sixth rapes a wife of a Roman nobleman. This sets off a revolt against a Rome. Led by Lucius Junius Brutus, a very shy man.
• When Lucretia kills herself, he steps up and leads the Roman. He sets of the Roman Republic.
• The Tribune of the Plebes. this is the seat that Patricians give the Plebeians to prevent a civil war. This seat has to power to veto.
• After Romans conquer city, they set up person to collect taxes and left alone.
• Epirus- pyrrhus is king
• Pyrrhus defeats Romans in almost every single battle, but couldn't win the war.
• This tremendously boosts Rome's morale.
• Three Punic wars between Rome and Carthage
• 264 BCE, Roman allies complain of Carthage trying to take power from them. Rome goes to help and ends up being in a war with Carthage. This leads to the second Carthage war