Final Exam

Section A:

Question: Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: Egyptian life was based on doing good works in order to get you to the after-life, meaning that they lived in a "death obsessed" culture.

Primary Source #1:

"Hail, gods, who dwell in the house of the Two Truths.

I know you and I know your names.

Let me not fall under your slaughter-knives,

And do not bring my wickedness to Osiris the god you serve.

Let no evil come to me from you.

Declare me right and true in the presence of Osiris,

Because I have done what is right and true in Egypt.

I have not cursed a god.

I have not suffered evil through the king who ruled my day"

The Book of the Dead

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/BOD125.HTM

Primary Source #2:

"Ho! king Neferkere (Pepi II)! How beautiful is this! How beautiful is this, which thy father Osiris has done for thee ! He has given thee his throne, thou rulest those of the hidden places (the dead), thou leadest their august ones, all the glorious ones follow thee"

Pyramid Texts

http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/167.html

Primary Source #3:

"Now are you a king's son, a prince,

as long as your soul exists, so long will your heart be with you."

Coffin Texts

http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/168.html

Explanation of Argument:

In the first source cited, they are saying how they had not done anything to insult the gods and that they deserved entrance into the afterlife. The second source tells that a Pharaoh has been given a throne in the afterlife. The final source says that the heart travels with the soul, implying that all the good and bad deeds stay with you.

Section B:

Question: Do you think Alexander honestly felt like he was avenging Persian wrongs? Or was that just propaganda to mask his goal of conquest?

Thesis: Alexander did not care about avenging Persian wrongs; he wanted to rule the world.

Primary Source #1:

"full of splendid furniture and quantities of gold and silver, they reserved for Alexander himself"

Plutarch: Alexander

http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/alexandr.html

Primary Source #2:

"Was, then, Alexander ill-advised and precipitate in setting forth with such humble resources to acquire so vast an empire? By no means. For who has ever put forth with greater or fairer equipment than he: greatness of soul, keen intelligence, self-restraint, and manly courage, with which Philosophy herself provided him for his campaign? Yes, the equipment that he had from Aristotle his teacher when he crossed over into Asia was more than what he had from his father Philip. But although we believe those who record that Alexander once said that the Iliad and the Odyssey accompanied him as equipment for his campaigns"

Plutarch: On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Alexandri*/1.html

Primary Source #3:

"they were an object of general hatred, as was manifest from the fact that all the Greeks had bound themselves by an oath to demolish Thebes"

Marcus Junianus Justinus: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus

http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans11.html

Explanation of Argument:

The first primary source tells how they gave Alexander all of the gold and silver they found at one of the places they conquered. The second source says that he attacked an empire without the required resources. This shows that he was only interested to becoming stronger, and not the lives of his soldiers. The final primary source says that he had an oath to demolish Thebes.

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Based on their written texts, Thucydides is a better model for modern historians.

Primary Source #1:

"Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it."

Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War

http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.1.first.html

Primary Source #2:

"These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the Barbarians from losing their due meed of glory; and withal to put on record what were their grounds of feuds. According to the Persians best informed in history, the Phoenicians began to quarrel."

Herodotus: The Histories

http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.1.i.html

Primary Source #3:

"After the second invasion of the Peloponnesians there had been a change in the spirit of the Athenians. Their land had been twice devastated, and they had to contend with the war and the plague at the same time. Now they began to blame Pericles for having persuaded them to go to war and to hold him responsible for all the misfortunes which had overtaken them"

Thucydides: Pericles' Last Speech

http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/thuc-sp.html

Explanation of Argument:

In the first source, Thucydides says that he is writing because of the greatness of the war. In the second one, Herodotus writes that he has taken down all of the stories so that lives will not be forgotten. Historians should write based on circumstances, not on remembrance of lives. In the final source, Thucydides mentions the people of the time.

Section C:

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Thesis: The Vikings were ruthless when attacking, but they also had reasons for attacking in such a way.

Primary Source #1:

"The Northmen with a hundred ships entered the Seine on the twentieth of March and, after ravaging first one bank and then the other, came without meeting any resistance to Paris. Charles[4] resolved to hold out against them; but seeing the impossibility of gaining a victory, he made with them a certain agreement and by a gift of 7,000 livres he bought them off from advancing farther and persuaded them to return. Euric, king of the Northmen, advanced, with six hundred vessels, along the course of the River Elbe to attack Louis of Germany[5] The Saxons prepared to meet him, gave battle, and with the aid of our Lord Jesus Christ won the victory. The Northmen returned [from Paris] down the Seine and coming to the ocean pillaged, destroyed, and burned all the regions along the coast"

The Earlier Ravages of the Northmen

http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Northmen.html

Primary Source #2:

"They went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them; and this is what is called the fury of the berserker."

Mircea Eliade "From Primitives to Zen": INITIATION OF A WARRIOR

http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/145.html

Primary Source #3:

"The Northmen came to Paris with 700 sailing ships, not counting those of smaller size which are commonly called barques. At one stretch the Seine was lined with the vessels for more than two leagues, so that one might ask in astonishment in what cavern the river had been swallowed up, since it was not to be seen. The second day after the fleet of the Northmen arrived under the walls of the city, Siegfried, who was then king only in name but who was in command of the expedition, came to the dwelling of the illustrious bishop. He bowed his head and said: "Gauzelin, have compassion on yourself and on your flock. We beseech you to listen to us, in order that you may escape death. Allow us only the freedom of the city. We will do no harm and we will see to it that whatever belongs either to you or to Odo shall be strictly respected"

Abbo's Wars of Count Odo with the Northmen in the Reign of Charles the Fat

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/843bertin.html#abbo

Explanation of Argument:

The first source shows how fierce they are when in battle. The second shows that not all of the soldiers were considered "berserkers". It also only says that they were fierce while in battle. The final source says that they tried to give them time to escape from them and that they did not necessarily want to kill them.

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The Black Death set forth a movement in the medical field while the 100 Years' War brought Europe together.

Primary Source #1:

"Now some of the physicians who were at a loss because the symptoms were not understood, supposing that the disease centred in the bubonic swellings, decided to investigate the bodies of the dead. And upon opening some of the swellings, they found a strange sort of carbuncle that had grown inside them."

Procopius: The Plague

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/542procopius-plague.html

Primary Source #2:

"[It is agreed] that the two kingdoms shall be governed from the time that our said son, or any of his heirs shall assume the crown, not divided between different kings at the same time, but under one person who shall be king and sovereign lord of both kingdoms; observing all pledges and all other things to each kingdom its rights, liberties or customs, usages and laws, not submitting in any manner one kingdom to the other."

Hundred Years War: Treaty of Troyes, 1420 and Conditions in France in 1422

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1420troyes.html

Primary Source #3:

"In consideration of the frightf

said Dauphin, it is agreed that we, our son Henry, and also our very dear son Philip, duke of Burgundy, will never treat for peace or amity with the said Charles"

Hundred Years War: Treaty of Troyes, 1420 and Conditions in France in 1422

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1420troyes.html

Explanation of Argument:

The first source says that they started opening bodies, something that had never been done before. The second and third sources talk about how they made treaties to stop fighting.

Example Exam Questions

Is monarchy more or less effective than democracy?

• Thesis: Monarchies are much less effective than democracies because of they are led by a single ruler instead of an entire nation.

• Primary Sources:
• "TO ALL FREE MEN OF OUR KINGDOM we have also granted, for us and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written out below, to have and to keep for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs"
• King John of England in the Magna Carta: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html

• "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness."
• The Declaration of Independence: http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/freedom/doi/text.html

• "I have brought together these acts of his [Nero], some of which are beyond criticism, while others are even deserving of no slight praise, to separate them from his shameful and criminal deeds"
• Suetonius talking about Nero, the Roman Emperor: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html

What's So Wrong With Social Orders?

Thesis: Social Orders create unrest between the higher and lower social classes.

Outline

How would have things been different if the persians had won the persian wars

1. If the Persians had won the Persian War, they would have erased all the history and great works written by such people as Herodotus, Aristotle, and Xenophon.

2. "What need have I to tell you of the deeds of Cyrus and Cambyses, and my own father Darius, how many nations they conquered, and added to our dominions? Ye know right well what great things they achieved. But for myself, I will say that, from the day on which I mounted the throne, I have not ceased to consider by what means I may rival those who have preceded me in this post of honour, and increase the power of Persia as much as any of them. And truly I have pondered upon this, until at last I have found out a way whereby we may at once win glory, and likewise get possession of a land which is as large and as rich as our own nay, which is even more varied in the fruits it bears- while at the same time we obtain satisfaction and revenge. For this cause I have now called you together, that I may make known to you what I design to do"
1. In this speech, Xerces, the leader of the Persian army, talks to his soldiers about the glory and honor that would come from conquering Greece. He says that he needs to follow in the foot steps of past kings by making Greece part of the Persian empire. Having said this, it is clear that Xerces had no intentions of saving anything previous written or owned by the Greeks.

3. "So Xerxes, thus instructed, proceeded on his way with great gladness of heart."
1. Here, Herodotus is talking about the joy Xerces will have conquering Greece. This could have led to a brighter Greek history.

Article 12

Is monarchy more or less effective than democracy?

The success of a nation depends on what type of government is run inside of the country. The two most successful types are monarchies and democracies. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Time has shown that democracies have come out to be longer lasting and more successful than monarchies.

According to dictionary.com, a democracy is a “government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/democracy). What this basically means is that the people are indirectly in charge of what goes on in the government and the country. In a democracy, the people vote for governors, senators, congressmen, House representatives, and the president. Elected officials that hold these positions are in charge of passing and creating bills.

The Constitution states that congressmen have the following powers: “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States; to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; to establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; to coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; to provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; to establish Post Offices and Post Roads; to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; to constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; to define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; to declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; to raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; to provide and maintain a Navy; to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; to exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof” (The Constitution http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html).

Many of these powers are now useless, but the majority of them still give the congress the ability to have great influence on the country. With this kind of power, congressmen need to be selected carefully. When intelligent and experienced congressmen, senators, and representatives are chosen, a democracy is a much better form of government than a monarchy. If the majority of the house, senate, and congress is of one party or corrupt, major problems may arise in the country.

Dictionary.com defines monarchy as a “supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/monarchy). This simple means that there is a sole ruler in charge of a country.

King Henry VIII was the king of England in the sixteenth century. He had one of the most controversial reigns over England out of all of the Tudor Kings. He had a total of eight wives, because none of them could produce a male heir. He had to change the official religion of England from Catholicism in order to divorce each of his wives. This put England through a time of great turmoil. The actions of one man changed the history of an entire country. In monarchies, the success depends on how intelligent the king or emperor is and how good of a ruler he or she is.

Monarchies are based on the readiness and leadership qualities of one person. This gives it a “hit or miss” trait. In a democracy, power is distributed throughout many people. This gives a larger range in the greatness of a person’s leadership qualities. Democracies are much more reliable because of the many people involved in the government, as opposed to the very few people involved the government of a monarchy.

"The United States Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net." Index Page - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net. Web. 14 May 2010. .

"Democracy | Define Democracy at Dictionary.com." Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 14 May 2010. .

"Monarchy | Define Monarchy at Dictionary.com." Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 15 May 2010.

"File:Henry VIII V2 BestLo.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 14 May 2010. .

Daily

Did Leonardo Da Vinci deserve the title "genius"?

Leonardo Da Vinci was a brilliant man with a brilliant mind. He began an apprenticeship at the age of twelve to another great artist of the Renaissance. In the journals he kept, he wrote in a code so that no one could steal his scientific and artistic ideas. The fact that he wrote in code was genius. Even more genius was what he was actually writing. He was thinking of technologies that people use today. Leonardo Da Vinci was truly a genius by his time's standards and modern standards.

Leonardo Da Vinci Writing

Leonardo Da Vinci

• Moved to Florence when he was 12.
• Began as an apprentice to Verrocchio
• Kept notebooks where he wrote down all of this ideas of science and art
• Inspired by Brunelleschi.
• Used his concepts of perspective
• 
  

Queen Elizabeth

• Queen Elizabeth ruled for 44 years.
• Henry VIII divorced Katherine of Aragon and married Anne Boelin.
• They had a girl together, and not a son.
• Anne miscarried a boy and was eventually killed. Elizabeth was declared a bastard, and not a lawful heir.
• Henry then married Jane. They had Edward.
• Jane died a few days later.
• Elizabeth grew up despised. This helped her later in life.
• When Henry died, Edward took over.

Recipe

Tarte of Strawberies.

Seson your Strawberyes with sugar, a very little Sinamon, a little ginger, and so cover them with a cover, and you must lay upon the cover a morsell of sweet Butter, Rosewater and Sugar, you may Ice the cover if you will, you must make your Ice with the white of an egge beaten, and Rosewater and Sugar.

Daily

How is the art of the Renaissance different from the art of the Middle Ages?

There are several differences between the art of the Middle Ages and the art of the Renaissance. In the Middle Ages, paintings were painted with no perspective. This means that everything looked flat, with no shape. Brunelleschi was the first person to paint with perspective. Also, the architecture was slightly different. Middle Age architects used two main styles, Gothic and Romanesque. During the Renaissance, architects started to go back to the classical style of building. They copied off of buildings like the Pantheon.

Italian Renaissance Notes

• cosimo medici http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_Medici
• Michelangelo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo
• Galileo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo
• Brunelleschi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
• Da Vinci http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_vinci
• The achievements of the classics were unsurpassed
• Knowledge was brought back to Italy
• Florence was unlike any other city in Europe. It was a republic where rich families vied for power
• The Medici bank was originally very small, run in the back of a store.
• They valued profit but mainly loyalty
• The Medici's gambled their entire business, and it paid off. They got a man to become the Pope.
• When this happened, the Pope chose the Medici bank as his bank.
• They joined a powerful group of Florentines
• For over a hundred years, an unfinished cathedral remained in the city.
• This was a "mutilation" to the city. They tried to build the largest dome.
• The Medici family hired a self taught genius, Filippo Brunelleschi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi).
• They gambled again on his judgment.
• He used classical orders of architecture, which had not been done for a long time.
• This sparked an architecture revolution.
• It was only the beginning for the Medici's.
• The offered a large cash prize for a solution for the church's dome.
• Brunelleschi was hired to do this
• He had to rewrite the rules of architecture to do and there was no guarantee for success.
• He used ideas used for the Pantheon.
• Brunelleschi used sandstone rings to create enough support for the dome.
• Cosimo's father's health began to decline.
• Giovanni was buried in a church redone by Brunelleschi
• The Medici's were challenged by a rival family
• Brunelleschi tried to escape his age.
• Cosimo was at the mercy of his enemies. They locked him at the top room at the top floor.
• But the rival family had to have the consent of the people.
• He was accused of treason against the city and the people. He now faced execution
• His friends spared him death by paying them a bribe.
• Cosimo and his family were banished. None of his friends were safe.
• Brunelleschi was thrown in jail.
• They tried to attack the city in the church but were held off by the city guard.
• Agents of the Pope were sent to Florence. They had gone too far.
• Cosimo modestly accepted rule of the city.
• Revenge was selective but severe.
• Work on the church resumed.
• The Medici bank collected money from every archbishop in Europe.
• They were now the most profitable bank in Europe.
• He began to commission many artists. He was the most sought after patron.
• He had problems with Lipo following through with his job.
• Cosimo was highly tolerant with these kinds of artists.
• Brunelleschi continued to break boundaries. He unveiled a new technique called perspective.
• The Pope was invited to the church once it was finished.
• A story was painted at the top of the dome
• It proved that man could conquer the seemingly impossible
• "It touches the sky and casts a shadow over the whole of Tuscany."
• Brought together more artists and thinkers than ever before
• Cosimo remained a cautious man
• He had no one to follow in his footsteps

• The Medici's were in danger of losing control of the city to other rival families.
• The heirs to the city were Julio and Lorenzo
• They knew that they had to kill Cosimo to take over.
• The Medici's started to become vulnerable. They need to become allies with families outside of Florence.
• business had never been better since Lorenzo married the daughter of a Roman baron.
• Lorenzo takes over after Cosimo died
• He does not have the power that he exercises.
• Created a new type of art called the spring. It was pure fantasy and inspired by poetry and imagination.
• There is a mafia atmosphere during this time.
• The Pazzi were trying to kill the Medici's
• They had the support of the church.
• The Pazzi had to kill the younger and older brother
• On Easter day, The Medici's gathered in church to celebrate the holiest day of the year.
• Juliano died instantly, but Lorenzo was unaccounted for.
• The Medici's supported were enraged by this and killed the conspirators
• The Murder shook Lorenzo to the core.
• He found out that Pope had ordered the killing. He traveled to the south to talk to his enemies. The entire city was worried for his survival.
• He traveled for a month until he got to Naples. They made a deal and they are at peace.
• Lorenzo was hailed as the magnificent
• But his experiences changed him. He wanted to make sure the they did not lose power.
• He had as many kids as possible and took over the Florentine government.
• Lorenzo found Leonardo Da Vinci. His talent was impossible to ignore.
• He wanted to reflect the detail of the natural world.
• Leonardo's rival rose the stakes. Botticelli took his style to new extremes
• the birth of Venus was unlike any other painting of its time
• One monk believed Leonardo was leading Italy on a bad path.
• He turned his hate to Lorenzo
• Lorenzo's wife died of Tuberculosis
• He found solace in art and established the first art school in history. Here he found Michelangelo
• Lorenzo immediately takes him into his family and was given his own rooms in the palace.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola
• He was drawn to classical legends.
• Savonarola was strongly against Leonardo. Financially, things were at a breaking point.
• Lorenzo lost his grip on the family business
• Branches of the bank were forced to close.
• Savonarola's predictions were starting to become true.
• Lorenzo called Savonarola to his death bed. He damned Lorenzo instead of forgiving him.
• Lorenzo died at the age of 43.
• Savonarola wanted to create a kingdom of God on Earth. He organized a public burning.

Daily

Should we be trying to contact other life?

I do not think that we should be trying to contact other life. If we have been fine surviving for over 2,000 years without other life, we should not need to find them now. If there are other life forms, they could be hostile and try to take advantage of us and our supplies. It would be a bigger harm and threat to us, then it would be advantageous.

Daily

The 12th century Renaissance was a smaller version of the Italian Renaissance that took place in the Middle Ages. It was an artistic, social, and economic growth period that took place. It opened up the gates for the Italian Renaissance a few centuries later.

"File:Trotula of Salerno.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 03 May 2010. .

Article 10

In the Middle Ages, there were three social classes: serfs, clergy, and the noblemen. All three of these classes were treated differently by the government and had different roles in society. Serfs, the clergy, and noblemen all had different views on society.

The serfs and peasants were treated with little respect by their owners and the government because of their role in the world. Their job was to farm the land owned by the noblemen, who were also their owners. The noblemen had to treat them with some amount of respect, because if they did not then the serf’s production rate would drop (Roles and Rights of a Peasant). The serfs had no part in the government, having no political rights. Legally, they were tied to the soil that they farmed. If the serfs left the farm, they would go to a town where the opportunity to become a craftsman. After a year and one day, they would be considered a free man (Roles and Rights of a Peasant). This role as the work horse of society led to the serf’s opinion of thinking that the workload was unfair, especially for their little reward.

The clergy consisted of monks, nuns, priests, and bishops. Their daily life usually consisted of praying, going to mass, and fulfilling physical needs. There were seven masses held throughout the day that each monk had to go to. Those masses were called Lauds, Matins, Prime, Sext, Nones, Terce, Vespers, and Complines, in order of the time they were held during the day (Daily Life of a Monk in the Middle Ages). They would also rewrite the Bible and other Church documents by hand, since there was no other way of to copy writings. “She never ceased, as written do I find, to pray to God, and love Him, and to dread, beseeching Him to keep her maidenhead,” (Canterbury Tales). This text is describing how the nuns and monks lived their life for God and made the choice to not marry anyone. The clergy knew their place in society, living for God, and they chose this way of life. They enjoyed what they did because it is what they wanted to do.

The noblemen had a fairly easy way of life compared to the people in the other two social classes. They daily life consisted mainly of prayer, dealing with governmental issues, making sure everything on their manor was running smoothly, and taking care of the estate. They prayed and ate in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. Life on the manor revolved around the lord. The morning was the time at which governmental disputes and issues were resolved and taken care of. This was also when business matters were resolved. The nobleman would then partake in political debates. The afternoon consisted mainly of more recreational activities, such as hunting or hawking. Hawking is the sport of training hawks to catch other various animals. After dinner, there would be some sort of entertainment. Entertainment included music, jugglers, dancing, or jesters. The time to go to bed was determined by whenever the lord became tired (Daily Life of a Noble Lord in the Middle Ages). The noblemen and lords of the Middle Ages generally liked their role in society. Apart from the political and estate disputes, their lives were typically easy going and care free.

Each of the social classes had different jobs to do in the society. Unfortunately, the majority of the population was made up by the serfs and peasants. This means that most of the Middle Age society was unhappy with their role.

Works Cited

"Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by ELF." Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by The Electronic Literature Foundation. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

"Daily Life of a Monk in the." Middle Ages. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. ages.org.uk/daily-life-monk-middle-ages.htm>.

"Daily Life of a Noble Lord in the." Middle Ages. Web. 01 May 2010. ages.org.uk/daily-life-noble-lord-middle-ages.htm>.

"Roles and Rights of A Peasant." Web. 29 Apr. 2010. .

"File:Costumes of Slaves or Serfs from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries.png." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 30 April 2010. .

Notes Medieval Ages

• 1066-1087 the Normans invade England and build castles
• 1086 the Doomsday book is written. It is a list of everything in England at the time
• 1087-1100 William Rufus invades Wales and builds castles on the borders
• 1100-1135 William's brother Henry becomes king
• 1135-1154 The reign of King Stephen (nephew of Henry I)
• 1099: First crusade urged by Pope Urban II
• 1118: The Knights Templar founded to protect Jerusalem and European pilgrims on their journey to the city
• 1147: The second Crusade begins
• 1184: The Inquisition begins. This was when the Church became interrogating and converting Jews and heretics. It becomes infamous in Spain. They are tortured there.
• King Richard I is Richard the Lionhearted and died during the Third Crusade in 1190
• 1199: King John. He was not liked. Starts the Fourth Crusade
• 1212: Children's Crusade. They sent children to fight for them
• 1214-1215: The Barons revolt demanding that the King take responsibility forcing him to sing the Magna Carta. It was written in 1215. It forced King John to accept that the monarch had to play by the rule of law. Until now the King was above the law. This is considered the founding of the Constitutional Democracy
• Provisions of Oxford (1258) made King Henry III choose a new form of government. The authorities are being weaker
• Rudolph I is elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1273. This area is Germany, some of Italy, and some of Switzerland.
• Summa Theologiae is a book of systematized theology. It becomes the most important work of theology of the Middle Ages
• The Knights Templar of killed by Philip the Fair of France, supported by the Pope
• Things get worse after the Great Famine
• the Hundred Years War starts in 1337 between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet. It causes nationalization in France and Europe. Italy remains in City-States. England and France become stronger than Italy. Everyone in Italy pays taxes to the Pope. This gives the Pope strength. It is broken down into three parts: the Edwardian War (1337-1360), the Caroline War (1369-1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415-1429)
• 1380: Chaucer begins to write The Canterbury Tales. It is considered one the greatest works of poetry in the Middle Ages.
• 1382: The Bible is translated into English. It took 300 years to do this
• King Henry the V is considered one of the greatest Kings in English history.
• 1415: Defeat the French at Agincourt. Greatest defeat that they suffer

Notes The Crusades

• The first Crusade was a failure
• There are multiple changes back in Europe
• France becomes the kingdom of France
• The Capetians unite the French
• In England the Normans invade
• Until the rise of the Stewart Kings, England is ruled by French Families
• France is becoming powerful because of the ties between the Capetians and the Church
• There is a lot of French art in Gothic Architecture in England
• Spain was taken over by the Moores. They ruled for 700 years
• When Islam spreads in the 7th century, Constantinople is taken over by the Muslims and becomes Istanbul.
• The Library of Alexandria is burned down
• The mistake from the first crusade was their goal. They made Jerusalem an unnecessary enemy.
• the French have a crusade into Moorish Spain
• They are surprised to found out that it is a thriving civilization
• Aristotle said that logic defeats superstition

Article 9

There are social orders in every society, and they cannot be avoided. They are good for people in the upper portions of the social classes. They are bad for the people in the lower portions of the social classes. Many times, social orders are described as being in a pyramid. Social orders don’t allow any movement between them. When it is possible, it is extremely difficult. For example, in medieval times, there were three major social classes, serfs, clergy, and the noblemen.

The serfs and pheasants were at the very bottom in the social orders. If you were born in that social class, you died in that class. It was virtually impossible to change classes. This class made up the majority of the population in medieval Europe. They also did the majority of the work. They were almost treated as slaves. Living life as a pheasant was not enjoyable. There were multiple instances where the serfs and pheasants rose up and decided to rebel against the noblemen. Because the serfs were poor, they did not stand much a chance. They were quickly put back in their place. The serfs made up the large, bottom of the pyramid.

The middle portion of the social order contains the clergy. The clergy is anyone that is involved in church duties, such as bishops, priests, monks, or the Pope. They lived a better life than the serfs and pheasants, but it was not as enjoyable as the noblemen’s lifestyle. The job of the clergy was to copy the text and music found in the Bible, but most of their time was spent praying. The rest of their time was devoted to taking care of monastery gardens. The clergy made up the middle part of the social class pyramid.

The top, and least populated, section of the pyramid would consist of the noblemen. These were the rich, landowning people of the time. A nobleman’s life was fairly easy compared to the harsh treatment of pheasants. They were the ones who owned the farms and the serfs that farmed the land. Only a very slim portion of the population would be in this class. The wealth in medieval Europe was contained only between the Catholic Church and the noblemen. Because pheasants did not have any money, it made virtually impossible to move up in the pyramid. No matter how hard they worked, their pay was almost nothing.

In the time period discussed, medieval times, it was extremely difficult and nearly impossible to rise in social class. If you are born into a certain class then that is where you stay. This is bad because it does not give much incentive to work hard, because there would be no reward.

Daily

Did Gothic architecture reflect a change in Church theology?

The Gothic style of architecture showed the change in the Church's theology. Before Gothic, Romanesque architecture was a prevalent style in Church buildings. The Romanesque style showcased Judgment Day, Hell, and the darker side of the religion. Gothic architecture was more about hope and light and the brighter side of Catholicism. The new style showed that the Church changed its way of belief from a sadder and darker way of thinking, to a more pleasant and enjoyable way of thinking.

Required Daily

In a town named Bel Air, in the year of 2010, a serious disease called Koza swept through the city. This disease caused whoever was infected with it to turn into a goat. In Bel Air there was a boy named Steven. He had a sister, a mom, a dad, and plenty of friends. He had known of a few people that had gotten Koza, but wasn't affected by it too much. A couple days later, one of his close friends got sick with it. This worried Steven because his friend was at his house the day before he fell sick. About a week later, Steven walked into his sister's room only to find her with horns and fur! He immediately ran into his parent's room to get their help. It was too late. His parents had contracted Koza as well. Steven had no other choice but to run away. Unfortunately for Steven, Koza had already spread to the surrounding cities. He had no where to go. He was stuck on an earth with only goats.

Notes on Bubonic Plague

Events that took place in 1348-1350

The Black Death

• Carried by rats and fleas
• spread rapidly
• rats traveled on merchant ships. this aided the spread of the disease
• it was another disaster in a series of bad things to happen to europe
• if you came into contact with someone who died of the black plague, you would soon follow them
• blisters and boils appeared on the body of a person with the disease.
• took three days to die of it
• thought it was the end of the world because of all of the sin
• hundred of people died every day
• bodied were buried hundreds at a time
• few who caught the disease lived
• They thought that the air needed to be cleansed by lighting fires
• Most doctors could not help patients
• One doctor tried to cure himself with much success
• Two kinds of the plague. One was more deadly than the other
• the rich ran away from the plague
• It would move through Europe relatively quickly
• It killed a third of Europe's population
• the cause was the fleas that transmitted the disease from rats to humans
• It returned every few decades until the 1700
• Caused a moment of less belief in the church as an institution
• 
  

Revised Daily

How was the Medieval concept of power and equality different from our contemporary concept?

The Medieval concept of power and equality was drastically different from our modern beliefs on equality. In their society, it was nearly impossible to rise out of serfdom and into a higher social class. The serfs in the Medieval ages were treated very poorly. The Council of Worms said "If any woman incensed by a fit of jealousy should beat her slave, so that within three days she [the slave] should die in torment" (Council of Worms). This shows the little worth that a slave had compared to their owners. Religion played a role in this. One law said "Jews should not be allowed to have Christian slaves nor to buy Christian slaves, nor to obtain them by the kindness of any one; for it is not right that the members of Christ should serve the ministers of Anti-Christ. But if henceforward Jews presume to have Christian slaves or handmaidens they shall be taken from their domination and shall go free" (Fourth Council of Toledo).

In modern society, if anyone is killed then the murder is punished. Also, no one is restricted from anything based on their religion. The Fifteenth Amendment in the Constitution of the United States says "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude," (The Constitution). This means that no one will be denied the right to vote based on the color of their skin or their race. Contemporary views see everyone as being equal, while back in Medieval times, the serfs were treated with much less respect than their owners. It is also not as difficult to rise in social classes. In America, if a person works hard, then he or she will eventually be rewarded with money or a promotion.

"Medieval Sourcebook: Fourth Council of Toledo: On the Keeping of Slaves, 633." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 14 Apr.

2010. .

"Medieval Sourcebook: Council of Worms: On the Murder of Slaves, 876." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 14 Apr. 2010.

"The United States Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net." Index Page - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. .